A SOPARFI (“Société de participation financière” in French) is a fully taxable commercial company, whose main function is restricted to the holding and financing of participations and other associated functions for companies in Luxembourg and those located abroad. It benefits from full treaty access and major advantages from EU Parent-Subsidiary directives. Like ordinary commercial companies, SOPARFis are assessed with common Luxembourg tax regime. In some cases, SOPARFIs may benefit from a number of tax advantages.
The two most popular forms of a SOPARFI are the Limited Liability Company of SARL and the Public Liability Company or SA. Listed below are some of the main characteristics of a SA and SARL legal forms.
Company Incorporation
- The certificate of incorporation for both SAs and SARLs must take the form of a notarized deed.
Minimum Share Capital and Corporate Capital Requirements
SA
- The minimum share capital is set at EUR 30,000 with a minimum payment deposit of 25% upon subscription. The payment may be in cash or in kind.
- SAs must allocate at least 5% of its annual net profit to a statutory reserve until the amount reaches 10% of the share capital.
SARL
- The minimum share capital is set at EUR 12,000 to be fully paid upon subscription. The payment may be in cash or in kind.
- SARLs must allocate at least 5% of the annual net profit to a statutory reserve until the amount reaches 10% of the share capital.
Currency of Share Capital
- SAs and SARLs can have their share capital denominated in euros or in other freely traded currencies.
Number of Shareholders and Members
SA
There must be at least one shareholder.
SARL
There must be at least one shareholder with a maximum shareholder limit set at 100.
Shares/Units
SA
Registered or dematerialized units, which shall indicate the name of the share owner and the number of units held.
SARL
Registered units with different classes of shares possible.
Liabilities of Shareholders/Members
- SAs and SARLs have limited liability to their respective capital contributions.
Legal Form of Shareholders/Members
- Shareholder/s of SAs and SARLs must be a natural person or a legal entity.
Public Issue of Shares/ Units
SA
There is public issuance of shares or units.
SARL
There is no public issuance of shares, but public issuance of bonds is allowed.
Transferability of Shares/Units
SA
Allows for free transferability of shares unless there are pre-determined restrictions under the articles of incorporation.
SARL
The units are not transferable to non-members unless 50% of members that contributed to the corporate capital agree for transferability of shares during a general meeting.
Management
SA
Except for a SA with a single shareholder, all other SAs must have a minimum of three shareholders. There should be a board of directors or a management board with a supervisory board to oversee a SA. The information about SA director/s can be access through the Luxembourg Trade and Companies Registrar.
SARL
There should be at least one manager (or more) appointed to assume the responsibility for a limited or unlimited period. The information about SARL director/s can be access through the Luxembourg Trade and Companies Registrar.
Residency of Management
For both SAs and SARLs, there are no imposed restrictions or legal requirement in relation to a shareholder’s/s country of residence or nationality.
Registered Office
For both SAs and SARLs, there should be a registered office addressed based in Luxembourg.
Supervision/Control
SA
There should be one or more statutory auditors to supervise a SA. An external auditor is needed if two out of the three factors exceed in value: (1) Balance sheet total of EUR 4.4 million, (2) Net turnover of EUR 8.8 million, and (3) total full-time employees are 50 or more.
SARL
There should be one or more internal or statutory auditors in case a SARL has more than 25 shareholders. An independent or external auditor should be appointed if certain factors relating to total balance sheet, net turnover, and number of full-time employees are exceeded.
Annual Accounts
- Both SAs and SARLs must disclose annual accounts and consolidated accounts.
SOPARFI Tax Advantages
As a fully taxable commercial company, a SOPARFI is subject to all common tax regulations enforced in Luxembourg. Under the conditions that certain requirements are met, certain types of income generated by a SOPARFI may enjoy Luxembourg Participation Exemption Regime. Additionally, SOPARFis can take advantage from lower withholding tax rates and double tax treaties agreed upon by Luxembourg and other EU and non-EU member states.
Income Tax (IT)
As of 2021, minimum corporate tax regime was totally abolished and replaced by minimum wealth tax. A SOPARFI will be assessed of a maximum aggregate income tax rate at 24.94%.
The CIT rate is set at 17% for income over EUR 200,000. For corporate income below this amount, the applicable CIT rates are as follows:
- 15% for income below EUR 175,000, and
- EUR 26,250 plus 31% for income above EUR 175,000 and below EUR 200,001
- 7% solidarity surcharge
- Municipal Business Tax will be dependent on where a statutory seat is located. Municipal Business Tax varies between 6.75% and 10.5%. For all companies based in Luxembourg City, the rate is at 6.75%.
Net Wealth Tax
Following the abolishment of the minimum corporate income tax in 2021, net wealth tax was introduced in its place. Net wealth taxation is also applicable to securitisation vehicles and SICARs, which otherwise are exempt from net wealth tax.
A minimum net wealth tax of EUR 4,815 applies to legal entities with financial assets, receivables on related entities, transferable securities, and cash at bank more than 90% of their total gross assets or an equivalent of EUR 350,000.
To all companies subject to net wealth tax, the minimum net wealth tax range is between EUR 535 and EUR 32,100, with the exact amount based on a progressive tax scale and from the company’s balance sheet.
Withholding Tax Dividends
Dividends distributed by a Luxembourg company are assessed of withholding tax at a rate of 15%, except for cases of exemption on EU Patient-Subsidiary Directive and reduction or exemption based on double tax treaties. Expenses that are directly related to exempt dividends are tax deductible provided they exceed exempt income of a given year.
Debt/Equity Ratio
By rule, 85:15 ratio is accepted by the Luxembourg tax agencies. At this limit, withholding tax is not applicable on any interest payments while paid or accrued interests are tax deductible.
An equity/debt ratio of 1:99 capped at EUR 2 million equity is mandated to partake in intra-group financing activities like back-to-back loans.
Double Tax Treaties
As SOPARFI are fully taxable local commercial companies, they may take advantage of an extensive network of double tax treaties.
Royalties
On 1 July 2017, the Luxembourg IP regime which provides 80% exemption on income or certain IP rights was repealed, and from 1 January 2017 for CIT/MBT/ in terms of net wealth tax.
On the other hand, grandfathering is introduced for eligible IP rights that were introduced or obtained before 1 July 2016. These IP rights still continue to take advantage from the current IP regime until 30 June 2021.
Participation Exemption Regime
Provided certain criteria are met, the Luxembourg Participation Exemption Regime is permitted for instances listed below:
- Dividends received by SOPARFIs are exempt from CIT and MBT.
- Capital gains earned by a SOPARFI on the sale of shares or units are exempt from CIT and MBT.
- Dividends that are remitted by a SOPARFI are not assessed with withholding tax.
- Qualified participations are not exempt from net wealth tax
To qualify for the exemptions listed above, the following criteria must be satisfied:
- A SOPARFI must hold at least 10% of issued share capital of an underlying subsidiary or an investment of at least EUR 1.2 million of received dividends or EUR 6 million for actual capital gains.
- The subsidiary must be a fully taxable Luxembourg company, an entity covered by the EU Parent-Subsidiary Directive, or a non-resident company subject to similar tax regime in his or her country.
- Ownership of the interest in the subsidiary must be held for at least 12 months.
For further information on how to set up a SOPARFI and which legal form will work best to your advantage, feel free to contact us today. Our Damalion team of experts will be more than happy to discuss any information you need in setting up a company in Luxembourg.
Luxembourg SOPARFI tax advantages: how holding and financing benefits work in practice.
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What is the tax position of a SOPARFI in simple terms?
A SOPARFI is a fully taxable Luxembourg company typically used to hold shares and manage group financing. Its appeal comes from clear domestic rules and access—where conditions are met—to participation-exemption treatment for qualifying dividends and capital gains, plus a treaty network. The outcome depends on facts, documents, and substance.
What changed for tax year 2025?
- Corporate income tax (CIT) reduced: the top CIT rate drops from 17% to 16% and the lower bracket from 15% to 14%, with an intermediate smoothing band between €175,000 and €200,000 of taxable income. In Luxembourg City, the combined headline rate (CIT + 7% employment fund surcharge on CIT + municipal business tax at 6.75%) is now approximately 23.87% (down from 24.94% in 2024).
- Minimum Net Wealth Tax (NWT) revamped: a progressive minimum now applies based on the company’s balance sheet total: €535 (≤ €350k), €1,605 (€350k–€2m), €4,815 (> €2m). The tax-unity minimum remains capped by specific rules.
- Interest Deduction Limitation Rule (IDLR): introduction of the single-entity group concept and a special equity-ratio escape on request; helpful in particular for financing and securitisation contexts. The 30% EBITDA cap remains the general anchor.
- SPF regime: minimum annual subscription tax increased to €1,000; corporate name must include société de gestion de patrimoine familial or SPF.
- Investment funds: exemption from subscription tax extended to actively managed UCITS ETFs (subject to conditions).
- Capital management mechanics: formalisation/clarification of the tax treatment for classes of shares buybacks in specific scenarios.
Indicative combined rates depend on the municipality (example above uses Luxembourg City at 6.75% municipal business tax). Always model the actual commune where the SOPARFI is domiciled.
How does the participation exemption work in practice?
When legal conditions are satisfied, qualifying dividend income and gains on qualifying shareholdings may be exempt at the level of the SOPARFI. The analysis is deal-by-deal: holding threshold or acquisition value, minimum holding period, nature and taxation of the subsidiary, and proper evidence. Our team prepares the board papers and files so decisions are traceable.
- Eligibility is not automatic; it is confirmed for each distribution or disposal.
- Track the holding period and changes in share classes or restructurings.
- Keep legal opinions and extracts as part of the corporate record.
Which income streams are typically considered?
Most SOPARFI models combine equity returns with intra-group financing. Plan early so the tax and transfer-pricing story is consistent from term sheet to exit.
- Dividends. Review participation-exemption conditions and confirm treatment before distribution.
- Capital gains. Map shareholding history and acquisition values; document reorganizations.
- Interest. Price loans at arm’s length and record the commercial rationale and covenants.
How do withholding taxes and treaties come into play?
Treaty access depends on residence, beneficial ownership, and substance. The practical approach is to align board activity, documentation, and decision-making with where value and risk sit. Banks and counterparties will expect this consistency as well.
What substance and documentation do banks and authorities expect?
Substance is about decisions, not volume. Keep a calendar of meetings, adopt signing rules, and maintain coherent minutes. For financing, approve terms formally and keep benchmarking where appropriate. These habits reduce friction at audit, during bank reviews, and at exit.
- Board agenda and minutes that track key resolutions.
- Signatory matrix and payment controls that match the articles.
- Files for intercompany loans: purpose, tenor, rate, repayment capacity.
How do you organise a tax-sound cash path?
This sequence keeps tax, governance, and banking aligned from the start.
- Define the role. Holding only, financing only, or both—then reflect this in the articles and internal policies.
- Map equity flows. Identify expected dividends and potential disposals; log the holding-period clock.
- Set loan policy. Document pricing approach, covenants, and board approval flow for new loans.
- Prepare evidence. Keep registers, legal extracts, and any confirmations needed for relief claims.
- Review annually. Reconfirm eligibility, update transfer-pricing files, and refresh bank mandates.
What are the key tax points at a glance?
| Topic | SOPARFI — practical note |
|---|---|
| Corporate profile | Fully taxable Luxembourg company used for holding and financing |
| CIT headline (2025) | Top CIT 16% (was 17%); lower bracket 14% (was 15%); combined headline in Luxembourg City ~23.87% incl. MBT 6.75% and 7% employment fund surcharge on CIT |
| Dividends | Check participation-exemption conditions per distribution |
| Capital gains | Confirm eligibility on exit; keep share-history evidence |
| Interest | Arm’s-length pricing; IDLR still 30% EBITDA with 2025 single-entity group/equity-ratio escape options |
| Minimum NWT (2025) | €535 (≤€350k), €1,605 (€350k–€2m), €4,815 (>€2m) based on balance sheet total |
| Treaties | Substance and beneficial-ownership analysis required |
| Funds notes | UCITS ETF subscription-tax exemption extended (conditions apply); SPF minimum subscription tax now €1,000 |
Where can you explore related topics?
Compare structures in the SOPARFI overview, see Luxembourg taxation key pointers, and review S.à r.l. incorporation steps.
Frequently asked questions
Is a SOPARFI tax-exempt?
Is participation-exemption treatment automatic?
Can interest income sit alongside equity returns?
What substance is expected for treaty access?
How do banks review SOPARFI cash flows?
Does a SOPARFI need to register for VAT?
What files should be ready at exit?
Can the same company hold assets in multiple countries?
Who prepares the documentation?
Is this page legal advice?
